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Worlds Paradigm List
All Paradigms: Show HideUpdated for NSDA WSDC 2024:
I adhere to the rules of WSDC, which means 40% content (what you say), 40% style (how you say it), and 20% strategy (why you say it). My evaluation of content includes good analysis (logical, relevant, important, tracking evolution), quality of examples, and thorough rebuttal. Debate in good faith, without straw-manning the other team's arguments. Style includes appropriate word choice, eye contact, body movement/hand gestures, voice projection and control, speed/variation of delivery. Strategy would be the choices made in motion interpretation, time allocation, prioritization, speech structuring, correct identification of issues in the debate, taking adequate POIs, weighing and use of comparisons, and relevance of material to the debate.
Proposition has the burden of proof and has to define the motion, being clear and fair to both sides. They should describe their characterization of the status quo and present substantive arguments in favor of their case, and where appropriate, present a solution to the identified problem. The opposition should oppose the prop's motion and probably have their own substantives. No new constructive material or POIs in the reply.
There are only 3 people on the bench for each side. Non-speaking team members and other spectators must not make signs or signals to debaters on the bench and must maintain room decorum. I keep track of time, and at the 1-minute mark and 7-minute mark, I will knock on the table, opening the speech for POI's (which should be brief and no more than 15 seconds), for the first 6 speeches.
Older paradigm below:
Hi there, I've been judging debate (LD, PF, Congress, Parli, WSD) for about 6 years. I am tabula rasa when it comes to judging a round; don't expect me to know the topic. It is up to the debater to provide a framework that best upholds their arguments. I flow but if you spread, send me (and your opponent) your speech doc. That said, I don't want to look through pages and pages of your speech doc with a couple of words highlighted on each one. If you couldn't tell, I'm more familiar with traditional LD and have little experience in circuit debating. I weigh on framework and impact analysis. I like evidence and logical link chains with clear warrants. I like clash. I don't like falsified evidence, misleading evidence, disclosure theory or bad theory. I'm less familiar with K's, so make sure I can thoroughly understand them if you decide to run them. I'm pretty flay, so make your preferences accordingly. Please be respectful to one another. Being rude, disrespectful, racist, homophobic, and aggressive is not cool and will result in low speaks and/or loss.
Good luck everyone!
Yes, this paradigm is intentionally in Comic Sans. Enjoy!!
EXPERIENCE
Member of the NSDA's USA Debate Education Program for WSD. Captain of the Naperville Central HS Debate Team. Semifinalist at 2023 TOC in Congressional Debate.
CONGRESS
I like breaking Congress down into 3 categories that I rank based on: round integration, content, and deliveryin that order.
Some notes on how to score well for round integration:
- REFUTE -- Refute the best argument on the other side. There are 2 parts to refs: name-dropping and disproving/outweighing their argument -- if 1 of those doesn't happen, it doesn't count in my eyes. Without refs outside of the sponsor, you won't get more than a 4 (likely a 3) for speech score.
- EXTEND -- Meet burdens that haven't been met (no, not your lazy quantification), give terminalization of an impact or proving that you have a better solvency.
- WEIGHING -- Weigh the AFF and NEG worlds, not individual arguments. I order weighing as follows :
Pre-Requisite > Scope/Magnitude > Time frame > Probability
Some notes on content:
- ARGUMENTS -- Provide good arguments. If you have a unique argument that shifts the round, go for it. If you have round-winning framing, give it to me. I'm open to anything.
- EVIDENCE -- Give strong quantifications wherever possible. Month and year minimum (last 5 years). Author credentials appreciated but not required.
- PRINCIPLE-- These have a place, but are rarely used correctly. If you know how to run a principled argument in World Schools, go ahead, you'll do well. Otherwise, chances are it'll hurt you.
Some notes on delivery:
- INTROS -- A good introduction goes a long way, especially jokes and funny intros if done well. If you use an intro that's been used before (especially if by another debater), I will drop you -- yes this is hypocritical if you know me irl, I don't care.
- PADS -- The less you look at your pad, the better. If you wanna pull a power move and go no pad, I'll pick you up for sure, just make sure it doesn't come at the expense of strong refutations. I don't like iPads, but won't drop you for using one.
WSD:
I come mostly from a Congress background, so I weigh speaking and style more heavily than other judges. However, that almost exclusively goes for speaking points and spreading won't impact which side wins the debate in my view.
I'm usually okay if you speak a little fast, but I need to be able to flow and if I can't understand you, I can't do that and it won't help you (plus your speaks will be pretty bad).
Other than that, content comes first. Make compelling arguments and give strong mechs for them. Examples of your mechs are preferred but not required. Impacting means a lot so do that well too-- a strong impact will win you the round if done well.
Some quick things that will get you ranked higher / make you do better:
- POIs -- I will drop your team if you constantly deny POIs or don't give them.
- SIGNPOST -- Trust me, it helps a lot.
- CLASH -- Please use clash-style refutation in The 3 and a little in The Reply. Use whatever Refutations you want in The 1/2.
- PRINICIPLE -- I love a good principle argument, but if it isn't done well then I'll typically take the practical instead. Analogies are key.
- RHETORIC -- Rhetorical analysis is too often missed out on in WSD, if you give good rhetoric (including a solid intro/outro) I will immediately pick you up for speaks.
Generally speaking, the easiest/fastest path to the ballot is the one I'm going to take, so make it obvious why I should pick your side.
Hey everyone! I'm Arik (he/him), a debater from Dreyfoos School of the Arts in Florida.
I've competed in numerous speech & debate events (Congress, WSD, PF, XDB, BQ, Parli, OO, IMP, EXT, etc.) over the past five years of my experience in the activity, finaling and semifinaling the likes of NSDA, Harvard, Stanford, Emory, Blue Key, Sunvite, GMU, and more. In short, I'm very well-versed with the dynamics and flow of each event, especially Congress & World Schools Debate (my main events).
OVERARCHING THOUGHTS ABOUT STYLISTIC PREFERENCES & EQUITY
No debate round or ballot should be contingent on extremely narrow preferences for what judges like stylistically/what they're biased toward. Trust me, I've seen it win (and lose) rounds on my side; I will always prioritize your content & strategy for a debate round and will NEVER weigh what someone sounds like or what they look like in a ballot*. The stylistic preferences I include in the event-specific sections of this paradigm is optional & certainly not one that is mandatory.
THAT BEING SAID, I will not hesitate to drop you or bring an equity concern for individuals who display any trace of sexist, homophobic, Islamophobic, etc. behavior or action. That's my one non-negotiable. My priority as a judge is to make a round as safe and inclusive as possible before casting a ballot: the conclusion of this section is just to be respectful to the maximal extent :)
WORLD SCHOOLS
In Worlds, I adjudicate on content, strategy, and style (in that order). Content and strategy is what wins you rounds, style is what determines speaks. I believe that doing well in all three categories is what makes good debaters great persuasively and substantively. A couple of notes from the top of this paradigm for Worlds:
- Make & take POIs! It's the best (and only) form of direct engagement with the other side, make use of it! I'm cool with 1-2 POIs being taken in a speech.
- Stylistically*, I think conversational tone/pace speeches are the most enjoyable to listen to as long as you cover what you need to!
- Have clear signposting & flag sections of your speech + its strategic importance in the round to make it easier on me to understand what we're getting into/why it's important.
- In First, cover all of the important things in framing (i.e. a counterfactual if THR, model if THW, etc.) & prove that you analyzed the motion well! I always love a bit of pre-emption & give me clearly structured and understandable substantives with robust mechanisms and accessible illustrations!
- In Second, open and delete paths to victory for your side- what are you winning on? How do you deal with the other side's material (refute) and how do you expand and maintain your side's arguments (rebuild)?
- In Third, tell me the clashes to consolidate & organize this debate: why is the clash important, what did they say (and how did you respond), what did you say (and how did it hold throughout the round), and how you explicitly win on the material & in the round. Weigh up your arguments against theirs and show me how your side has won the debate!
- In Reply, provide the voter issues/areas of the debate you won & give me a biased OA/RFD for ways your side won and how the debate developed from First.
CONGRESS
My perspective: Congress is a combination of speech AND debate, not just one or the other. Your approach to how you attempt to win a round may differ from person to person, so I don't mind how you go about it; I encourage you to play to your strengths. A key factor that plays into my decisions as to who gets ranked where is round adaptation- a speech that is well-placed in a round (be it early, middle, or late) that effectively contributes to the debate speaks to your ability to adapt to the needs of the round. In my eyes, that's what the best legislator in the room looks like.
What I look for in a debater: I'm a fan of extremely clear arguments that are easy to understand and is distinguished from other speeches preceding you. Refutation is an absolute must in every speech following the first affirmative. Outstanding delivery is a prerequisite for evaluating your arguments; it's far more beneficial to have a distinctive style and use of rhetoric because it's what differentiates Debater A and Debater B (who may have similar argumentative/analytical skills). Additionally, I like speeches that break out of the two-point structure and take on a fluid form that is intended to cover other necessary content in the round (but a great two-constructive speech gets the job done as well). Be active in the round & make sure to stay engaged! As always, no rehash.
Round adaptation/POs/final thoughts: For speeches- don't be afraid to flip! It reflects well on you to do a service to a chamber, so I won't mind if your speech is a little lower in quality than the speech you intended on giving because you adapted to the round; if anything, you'll get rewarded for taking up the task (as I've had to for countless debate rounds). For POs- avoid making mistakes and make sure the round flows as smoothly as possible. As a PO for high-level rounds at Harvard, NSDA, Yale, Sunvite, Blue Key, etc., I understand the value of a good PO for the round; that said, I rank POs in the middle-to-high end at the beginning (and it moves up or down according to your performance). Stay true to yourself, have some self-confidence, and bring some humor to the presidency! You got this.
Hi, my name is Austin Kelachukwu. I am a debater, public speaker, adjudicator and a seasoned coach.
Within a large time frame, i have gathered eclectic experience in different styles and formats of debating, which includes; British Parliamentary (BP), Asian Parliamentary (AP), Australs, Canadian National Debate Format (CNDF), World School Debate Championship(WSDC), Public Forum(PF), amongst others.
As a judge, I like when speakers understand the format of the particular tournament they’re debating, as it helps speakers choose their style of speech or debating. Speakers should choose to attack only arguments, and not the opponent. I do take equity serious, so I expect the same from speakers. When speakers understand the tournament’s format, it makes things like speaker roles, creating good and solid arguments easy, so they can act accordingly, and through that understand how the judge understands the room as well.
I suppose that speakers are to understand the types of arguments that should run in the different types of motion, their burden fulfillment and other techniques used in debate.
I take note of both key arguments, and the flow at which such argument is built, so speakers shouldn’t just have the idea, but should be able to build that idea also to create easy understanding of the argument. On understanding also, i prefer when speakers speak at a conventional rate, to aid easy understanding of what the speaker says.
I appreciate when speakers keep to their roles, i.e when a summary or whip speaker knows one’s job is not to bring new arguments but to rebut, build partner’s case, and explain why they won.
I value when speakers keep to time, as arguments made after stipulated time wouldn’t be acknowledged.
Austin Kelachukwu.
email: austinkelachukwu@gmail.com
Hey y'all, I'm Alex!
I'm a sophomore who does Lincoln-Douglas debate and Worlds Schools with Harvard-Westlake. The thesis of my paradigm is that you should read whatever arguments you want to defend and I will try my best to evaluate them.
MSPDP
I see MSPDP as effectively the same event as Worlds and therefore judge them the same as well. This means 2 things will be important for my ballot:
Content
The substantive arguments you present, how they're developed down the bench, and how you answer and comparatively analyze your opponents' arguments are the most important in any debate round.
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Comparative argumentation has quickly become one of my favorite aspects of MSPDP and Worlds. Show me what both Proposition and Opposition worlds look like, why the arguments you’ve forwarded implicate that, and do convincing weighing to prove to me why your world is better. Side note here: be generous to your opponents’ arguments! Too often do teams just wave down arguments without granting them much credence. Engage the other bench head-on!
Style
This would include things like in-round strategy, team consistency, presentation, respect, tone, energy, etc. These are obviously less important than the content of the debate but I think the community often underestimates their value. Style is used to bolster or emphasize certain points, ridicule (respectfully) or assert flaws in an opponent's case, or even to make speeches easier to understand and flow naturally. Body language & gestures, clear tone/volume, smooth speaking, and talking directly to me as a judge are things everyone subconsciously finds persuasive, but I will also consciously award higher points for them.
LD Paradigm
I emphasize fw a lot, but will vote off of impacts.
Do impact calc (probability, timeframe, magnitude)
If you run plan affs, I'll be mad and dock speaks, but go ahead lol
Prefer disclosure
Spread all u want, but send me the docs. If you spread badly I'll dock speaks. Nobody likes incomprehensible spreading.
Drown your speech in theory shells for all I care. Please make sure I understand them though cuz theory i dont understand makes me cry.
TIP: Sound like your opponent committed a war crime, and I'm more likely to buy it than just reading the shell in a monotone voice.
I do prefer empirical evidence over philosophy unless it's something like Baudrillard where you target the mindset.
It is advantageous to weigh under your opponent’s framing mechanism in addition to telling me why yours is better.
You can be as abusive as you want in arguments and observations. Fair warning, you might hit a few theory shells. I don't like plan affs, and will lower speaks, but you can run it.
No new args in the 2nr/2ar, please (common sense)
I will time, and when the timer goes off I’ll stop flowing so you talking longer than 10 seconds over serves no strategic purpose.
I am tech > truth and am a (mostly) tabula rasa judge
1. Theory
1.5 Trix (Read curry's paradox i love it ngl)
2. Larp and non-identity k
3. standard case
3.5 pomo phil
4. common Phil (kant, rawls, locke)
5. Identity arguments
Speaks
I think the method of giving speaks based on how far I'll think you'll go in the tourney is pretty dumb - however, higher speaks probably mean you're more likely to get to Elim rounds. Anyway, this is how I view speaks:
27: It was really bad/I couldn't understand you
28: It was ok/could be a lot better
29: It was decent/not bad/a little improvement but not terrible
30: Pretty good/good clash/impact calc
Credit to Venkata Yenuganti For the paradigm.
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MSDP Paradigm:If you ended up scrolling down to my paradigm here's how you get some free speaks as a reward:
1. Make a video game reference or do something funny and I'll bump your speaks. Or make jokes, idrc. Meme cases might probably not get a ballot from me (it sometimes has though).
Please give POI's and heckles. They make the debate so much more fun.
I don’t have any preferences when it comes to plans so do whatever makes you comfortable and debate best.
Hi! I'm a junior at FAU HS and this is my 6th year competing in congressional debate.
Debate is not a game
You're usually discussing matters of life and death -- this entire activity is a dialectic about how to improve the nation and the world. Your rounds are about more than just getting the 1 or a W. Similarly, debate affects the lives of people who participate in it. Success can mean scholarships or admittance to great colleges. Please don't trivialize how important that can be for people.
"Principally!!!" is a trendy new filler word in congress
I WILL mark you down for saying this. It adds nothing to your content and does not make you sound smarter. Also a nice little litmus test to see if you actually read my paradigm lol.
Speeches & style -- I'm judging you based on the result, not the process.
"Constructive," "rebuttal," and "crystallization" speeches are a social construct! They are a lens to understand your role as a speaker, not a strict blueprint for a speech. I don't care if you use CWDI, block structure, or just freestyle. I don't care if you use a legal pad or an iPad or nothing. These are just your tools -- I'm judging you based on the result, not the process.
If I've heard your exact speech before I will literally drop you even if it's the best speech in the round. Do not pawn other people's prep off as your own.
No one knows how to weigh in congress so please weigh.
Empirical citations =/= Causal analysis. Telling me why your arguments are true and why they matter are different things entirely. Don't mix em up!
In terms of congressional debate, most rounds have two issues: the debate is surface-level yet pretty damn confusing. I love speakers who can cut through to the heart of a topic and implicate that back to the debate as a whole.
I appreciate original, novel, and funny rhetoric. Try to distinguish yourself!
Delivery & presentation
Presentation is necessary to help you get your point across. If you neglect presentation that will reflect on your overall performance.
OK so people have started using iPads a lot more since I first wrote this paradigm. For context, I don't know anyone who has been using an iPad for longer than I. If you use an iPad, you need to look and sound like a fluent speaker with a legal pad. Bulky cases will weaken your performance. Having to hold the iPad in front of your face the whole time will weaken your performance. Pad dependency, as always, will seriously count against you. The iPad is a tool, not a crutch.
Laptops are a flat out no. You won't get a rank from me speaking off a laptop.
Love padless performances, they're impressive af.
Presiding officers
POs are the worst part of congress. There is no way to fairly rank a room of speakers against someone whose entire job is to update a spreadsheet and bang a gavel. If I had it my way, every round would have a tournament-provided PO. But don't worry. I have a fair way to evaluate POs regardless of anything else: Bad POs will be dropped, good POs will at least get a rank good enough to advance to the next round.
A good PO is fast, fair, aware of parliamentary procedure & tournament-specific rules, and serves as a leader and problem-solver in the round.
I rank POs in final rounds differently. I don't think POs deserve to champ unless they do something brilliant or demonstrate exceptional leadership. I've never seen a final round where I thought the PO deserved to champ, even though they often do. I will never give a PO the 1 in a final round. Think that's unfair? Not really. POs often champ without getting a single 1. If I'm judging a debate tournament, I'd rather give the 1 to a debater.
If you're a PO and get no feedback from me, that means you did a good job. Fret not.
Other stuff
"Automatic previous question after 3 speeches on the same side" is not a rule unless we're at TOC or tournaments that specifically use TOC rules.
Speech equity is great and important, but there is no such thing as a formal base system. I have nothing against someone getting the chance to speak more than everyone else if it keeps debate going and fresh.
Don't yell or be mean in cross-ex. Avoid talking over eachother. If someone starts yelling or talking over you in cross-ex, let them. I promise it's more strategic to let them look bad and perhaps call them out for it, compared to fighting fire with fire. That being said, questioners AND answers should keep questions AND answers concise.
I see all the politicking for what it really is
Hey y'all! I'm Will (he/him) and I primarily did LD on the National Circuit. Qualified to the TOC my senior year reading every argument under the sun.
Yale '28. Go bulldogs!
If you're a FGLI student or associated with a UDL, Title 1 School, or Questbridge (either a match finalist or college prep scholar), please feel free to reach out for advice regarding researching/applying to colleges. If I don't respond in a few days shoot a follow-up email.
Speechdrop is easier but I prefer email chain.
Email: trinhwilliam258@gmail.com
Feel free to ask questions to that email before or after any round/tournament!
Please format email chains properly. “Tournament Name (Year) -- Round # -- Aff School [team code] vs Neg School [team code].
Example: “TOC Digital 3 2024 Round 3 AFF Southern California Debate Union RN vs NEG Heritage WT”
I expect email chains to be sent on time (ideally sent 2 minutes before start time so we can begin on time) or else whoever is responsible for the delay gets -0.1 speaks a minute the 1AC is late. This obviously does not apply if I am not in the room or I am still getting stuff ready. That is on me and I'll let you know when I'm good. This also does not apply if the internet is being stupid.
I've been getting a lot of questions about this recently. Tech>>>Truth. Go for whatever frivolous shell (or true shell) you want if you are confident in beating your opponent on the LBL so long as it isn't smth like clothes theory.
Shortened this cause yapping is silly but if you wanna see my weird takes here's this document.
This paradigm will only include stuff for prefs/weird defaults I have that can all be reversed in two seconds.
I am a slightly more fascist but less grumpy version of Holden Bukowsky so you can pref me where you would pref them but lower cause I'm young.
The prefs below don't represent my particular liking for arguments but rather my ability to comfortably evaluate them.
LD Prefs:
1: Policy or Kritikal Arguments. T (of all types) Straight up Phil. Clash rounds
3-4: Tricky Phil (Determinism is not tricky).
4-5: Dense Theory Shells/Trix
Clipping tags and analytics have not been, are not, and will never be a thing. If your opponent cannot flow, they should lose. If your judge also cannot flow, you should strike them. Saying the words 'clipping tags' will result in a reverse postround.
I would prefer that teams learn to flow rather than ask for marked docs. To be clear if a speech marked a lot of cards (as in didn't read fully as opposed to skip), I think asking for a marked doc is fine.
I primarily flow on my laptop (paper is when things get desperate). I will flow author names and top down. I will only flow the words I hear you say. I will only open the speech doc during CX, prep, or after round to read evidence. You can be as fast as you want but please slow down or clear up when I shout clear. You get 3 free clears before I start tanking speaks.
I don't know if this means anything, but some of my friends in Debate I share varying levels of takes with include Albert Cai, Aiden Kim, and Iva Liu.
TLDR:
I have massive respect for all the work people do for debates. I am tired of seeing teams not put their best foot forward because of judge dogmatism. Thus, I promise you I will do the best of my ability to evaluate every argument before me. These days, most debaters are more scared of incompetent judges than their opponents themselves. As such, I will try to not intervene unless necessary such as in the event of safety of a student or if an argument is truly irresolvable.
Stick to your guns and do whatever. Go for T-Framework. Go for planless affirmatives. Go for the K. Go for extinction outweighs+Plan focus. Go NC/AC. Go for whatever. Just do it well and put thought into it and your speaks will go up.
The statement below is stolen from Lizzie Su.
That being said, I will only vote on ARGUMENTs. That is claims with warrants. I have no problem voting on some absurd arguments in debate such as skep or must disclose round reports but you cannot extend a shell hidden in the 1AC for 6 seconds in the 1AR like no neg fiat and expect to win.
Nonnegotiable
Safety first. I refuse to vote on "arguments" such as "Truth Testing/Skep takes out misgendering/racism/other objectively morally repugnant things." Be a decent human being or else expect an L with the lowest speaks I can give.
Cross-Ex is good and is best used as a speech. I am fine with you prepping while asking and answering a question but you cannot say "I'll take the rest of CX as prep."
Claims I refuse to vote on regardless of how you warrant them. (Many stolen from Alice Waters)
Evaluate/Adjudicate (you get the idea) after the 1AC/1NC.
Ad homs/arguments about a debater/ callouts (if something is genuinely unsafe for you, let me or tab know before round.)
Any morally repugnant arg (i.e. saying racism good, saying slurs, etc.) (No you can still read heg good vs Indentity affs...) The debate will end.
Shells that dictate what your opponent must do outside the context of a debate round/dress/you get the idea. (Disclosure is something in the round).
Give me/my opponent [x] speaks
No aff/neg arguments, or any other argument that precludes your opponent from answering based on the truth of the argument. I will not vote on no 2NR I Meets or the like.
Arguments that were read in a speech but you say were not in CX or that you do not mention if asked what was read (for instance: if being asked if there are any indep. voters and you do not mention one, that is not a viable collapse anymore)
Prep ends when the doc is saved. Please don't abuse this privilege to take 2 minutes to send a speech document.
Misc: All of this can be changed with well-warranted argumentation. Debate it out.
"K debaters cheat. Policy debaters lie. If you believe both these statements to be true pref me in the 1-25th percentile."
Offense/Defense Good.
Topicality>ROTB/Judge Instruction (like K Framework)>Theory>Substance
Competing Interps, DTA, No RVI
Permissibility and Presumption Negate
Comparative Worlds
Epistemic Confidence
Logic outweighs
TJFs are questionable but winnable.
Insert rehighlighting is fine if explained AND it's in the same part of the article/book whatever. If it's a different part of the article, read it.
By insert rehiglighting, you must explain in the speech you insert it what you are trying to assert... i.e you must say "X piece of evidence concludes (insert fact) Insert!" You cannot do "X concludes neg. Insert!" The former is evidence comparison. The other is stupidity.
Same thing applies to inserting perm texts.